Minho Wine Region Guide

Winemaking and regional classifications

There is a stubborn myth that all Vinho Verde is produced in a white style; the term ‘Verde’ refers to the young age of the wine, as opposed to maduro or aged. But while it’s true that over 70% of vineyards (approximately 21,000 hectares) are planted to white varieties, the Minho is a multi-color region. Vinho Verde is Portugal’s biggest DOC (Denominação de Origem Controlada). The designation can be used for red, white, and rosé wines and a small volume of exceptional fizz. Homogeneous, it is not.

And yet, Vinho Verde is still pigeonholed as ‘light and crisp,’ often with less than 11% alcohol. However, this is half the truth. Indeed, many white and red Vinho Verde is designed to be drunk young – poor winemakers use sugar to mask the sometimes excessive acid line. However, most producers do not use oak at any stage in the winemaking process, bottling their wines relatively soon after the harvest. Typically, they are fermented in stainless steel or concrete, with a short maceration for the reds. Occasionally, very ripe wines (by local standards) may be subject to a spell in wood. But this is seldom a good idea – oak can spoil the fruity exuberance of Vinho Verde.

Geography and terroir

Vinho Verde is made in the country’s northernmost province, sandwiched between the Douro and Minho Rivers. It’s a prime piece of real estate, flanked by the Atlantic to the west and Galicia to the north. It is also Portugal’s most beautiful region, a lush and verdant landscape rich in diverse flora and fauna. It could be described as paradise, although high rainfall (over 1,600mm per year) and fierce Atlantic winds can spoil things in the spring and fall. Indeed, the overall climate is decidedly maritime. So the biggest viticultural risk is simply overproduction: coastal vineyards receive the most rain, potentially leading to inflated vine canopies and dilute, aggressively tart wine. Fungal diseases are another omnipresent headache in wetter zones.

For that reason, altitude and proximity to the ocean will determine grape choices and their results in the subregions of this vast area. For example, the northernmost subzones of Monção and Melgaço are sheltered from the Atlantic by a chain of hills. This creates a relatively dry and warm mesoclimate, albeit the nights are still very cool due to the elevation.

The range of soils is no less diverse. They include shallow, sandy terroir, granite, and schist. In addition, many of the vineyards are surrounded by dense woodland, which encourages biodiversity and natural pest control via birds.

The lowdown

Vinho Verde is in a state of flux. In the 1900s, there was a willing (and uncritical) audience for the most basic, thinnest Vinho Verde wines; reds are still served in tea cups in the region’s atmospheric local taverns. A glass could be yours for under 50 cents. However, the demand for acidic plonk has shrunk dramatically recently while a new generation of growers has decided to embrace quality. Moreover, as Vinho Verde producers prioritize export markets, the production of white wines has soared. The local Vinhão grape, meanwhile, is increasingly used to make delicious rosé: wonderfully fresh and pungently aromatic. There is, of course, still a domestic market for the tart, astringent red wines that used to dominate production in the inclement climate of the Minho, but it is declining.

Yet single-varietal expressions, once considered almost sacrilegious, are becoming more common. Historically, white Vinho Verde was made from a blend of grapes, including Loureiro, Arinto, Alvarinho, and Trajadura. The result typically boasted an alcohol level of about 10% – in weak vintages, nine percent was considered reasonable. As a result, blending was a vital insurance policy in case one (or more) varieties failed to ripen. However, global warming has left its indelible mark on the region, and today’s wines are more balanced and fruity; alcohol levels of 12.5% are seen as perfectly obtainable. This partly explains the growth in single-varietal Vinho Verde, often made from the region’s celebrity grape Alvarinho. So too, are Loureiro and the citrussy Arinto being used to fashion contemporary standalone wines.

Once upon a time, mixing and matching different grape varieties was a necessity in the damp hills of the Minho. However, that is no longer the case. Nevertheless, oenophiles rejoice: the wines have retained their saline freshness and seductive balance despite the inevitable effects of climate change. For that reason, Vinho Verde’s popularity is on an upward curve.

Minho gastronomy

No prizes for guessing the culinary delicacies you’ll encounter in this part of the world! Chefs and gastronomes wisely eschew imported ingredients for the plentiful bounty that the Atlantic provides, most famously cod and shellfish, including prawns, langoustines, and scallops. Local restaurants base their reputation on the freshness and quality of their bacalhau, prepared in various ways that range from ingenious to staunchly traditional. But vegetables get a proper look-in, too, thanks to the region’s abundant market gardens and rich fertile soils. Caldo Verde is a must-try dish: a rich soup of kale and potatoes. The perfect winter warmer.